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What are Zoonoses? 

Aygün Sahin, MSc, PhD  | CEO and Cancer Lead, Cancer Education and Research Institute (CERI)
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COVID-19, caused by Coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) is a Zoonosis. Meaning, the virus that caused disease in humans was transferred from an animal.
In this video, you will find all you need to know about Zoonoses (singular: Zoonosis). You will also find several diseases that caused epidemics or pandemics in the recent human history. We further explain the factors that causes zoonoses, so that we can be sure to prevent these terrible diseases and their dramatic effects on many levels going forward.

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List of Zoonoses

  • Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19):  A novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) is a new coronavirus that has not been previously identified. The virus causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is not the same as the coronaviruses that commonly circulate among humans and cause mild illness, like the common cold. A diagnosis with coronavirus 229E, NL63, OC43, or HKU1 is not the same as a COVID-19 diagnosis. Patients with COVID-19 will be evaluated and cared for differently than patients with common coronavirus diagnosis. COVID-19 started in Wuhan-China, was transferred to human from a bat, and quickly was announced as a pandemic causing millions of deaths around the world due to COVID-19. 

  • Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by a Coronavirus called SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). SARS was first reported in Asia in February 2003 and became a epidemic. Since 2004, there have not been any known cases of SARS reported anywhere in the world, UNTIL 2019, when COVID-19-causing SARS-CoV2 emerged (see above). 

  • Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): MERS is caused by Coronavirus and is a viral respiratory illness that is new to humans. It was first reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012 and has since spread to several other countries, including the United States. Most people infected with MERS-CoV developed severe respiratory illness, including fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Many of them have died. Overall mortality is around 35.7%. 

  • Anthrax: Anthrax is a serious infectious disease caused by gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria known as Bacillus anthracis. Although it is rare, people can get sick with anthrax if they come in contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products.
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  • Avian and other zoonotic influenza (Avian flu and other flus):  Avian influenza refers to the disease caused by infection with avian (bird) influenza (flu) Type A viruses. These viruses occur naturally among wild aquatic birds worldwide and can infect domestic poultry and other bird and animal species.  As for swine influenza viruses, close proximity to infected pigs or visiting locations where pigs are exhibited has been reported for most human swine influenza cases, but some limited human-to-human transmission has occurred. Just like birds and pigs, horses and dogs, can be infected with their own influenza viruses (canine influenza viruses, equine influenza viruses, etc.).
 
  • Botulism: Botulism is a rare but serious illness caused by a toxin that attacks the body’s nerves.
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  • Brucellosis: Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria. People can get the disease when they are in contact with infected animals or animal products contaminated with the bacteria. Most commonly infected animals include sheep, cattle, goats, pigs, and dogs, and others.
 
  • Campylobacter: Campylobacter causes an estimated 1.5 million illnesses each year in the United States. People can get Campylobacter infection by eating raw or undercooked poultry or eating something that touched it, as well as from eating other foods, including seafood, meat, and produce, by contact with animals, and by drinking untreated water.
     
  • Chagas disease: This disease is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the disease in 1909. It is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted to animals and people by insect vectors and is found only in the Americas.
 
  • Chikungunya: Chikungunya virus is spread to people by the bite of an infected mosquito. The most common symptoms of infection are fever and joint pain. Other symptoms may include headache, muscle pain, joint swelling, or rash. Outbreaks have occurred in countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Indian and Pacific Oceans. There is a risk that the virus will be imported to new areas by infected travelers. There is no vaccine to prevent or medicine to treat chikungunya virus infection.
 
  • Dengue: Dengue viruses are spread to people through the bite of an infected Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus mosquito. It is common in more than 100 countries around the world. About 3 billion people (40% of the world’s population) live in areas with a risk of dengue.
 
  • E. coli: Escherichia coli (E. coli) are bacteria found in the environment, foods, and intestines of people and animals. Some kinds of E. coli can cause diarrhea, while others cause urinary tract infections, respiratory illness and pneumonia, and other illnesses.
 
  • Echinococcosis: Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease caused by infection with tiny tapeworms of the genus Echinocococcus. Echinococcosis is classified as either cystic echinococcosis or alveolar echinococcosis.
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  • Encephalitis: EEE virus is a rare cause of brain infections (encephalitis). Only a few cases are reported in the United States each year. Most occur in eastern or Gulf Coast states. Approximately 30% of people with EEE die and many survivors have ongoing neurologic problems.
 
  • Japanese encephalitis: JE virus is the leading cause of vaccine-preventable encephalitis in Asia and the western Pacific. Most people infected with JE do not have symptoms or have only mild symptoms. However, a small percentage of infected people develop inflammation of the brain (encephalitis), with symptoms including sudden onset of headache, high fever, disorientation, coma, tremors and convulsions.
 
  • Foodborne trematode infections: Foodborne trematodiasis, which is caused by liver flukes (Clonorchis sinensis, Fasciola spp., Opisthorchisspp.), lung flukes (Paragonimus spp.), and intestinal flukes (Echinostoma spp., Fasciolopsis buski, heterophyids), is an emerging public health problem. Infection with foodborne trematodes is accomplished through eating raw or insufficiently cooked freshwater fish, freshwater crab or crayfish, aquatic plants, snails or tadpoles, or by drinking contaminated water.
 
  • Leishmaniasis: Leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania parasites and are spread by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies. It is found in parts of the tropics, subtropics, and southern Europe. There are several different forms of leishmaniasis in people. The most common forms are cutaneous leishmaniasis, which causes skin sores, and visceral leishmaniasis, which affects several internal organs, usually spleen, liver, and bone marrow.
 
  • Leptospirosis: Leptospirosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. It affects humans and animals. In humans, it can cause a wide range of symptoms, some, however, may have no symptoms at all. Without treatment, Leptospirosis can lead to kidney damage, meningitis (inflammation of the membrane around the brain and spinal cord), liver failure, respiratory distress, and even death.
 
  • Plague: Plague is caused by the bacterium, Yersinia pestis. It is a disease that affects humans and other mammals. Humans usually get plague after being bitten by a rodent flea that is carrying the plague bacterium or by handling an animal infected with plague. Plague is infamous for killing millions of people in Europe during the Middle Ages. Today, modern antibiotics are effective in treating plague. Without prompt treatment, the disease can cause serious illness or death.
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  • Rabies: Rabies is a fatal but preventable viral disease, caused by the rabies virus. It can spread to people and pets if they are bitten or scratched by a rabid animal. In the United States, rabies is mostly found in wild animals like bats, raccoons, skunks, and foxes. However, in many other countries dogs still carry rabies, and most rabies deaths in people around the world are caused by dog bites. The rabies virus infects the central nervous system. 
     
  • Salmonella: Salmonella bacteria cause about 1.35 million infections, 26,500 hospitalizations, and 420 deaths in the United States every year. Food is the source for most of these illnesses. Salmonella causes diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps. 

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Resources: 
  1. WHO. https://www.who.int/zoonoses/en - accessed 4/6/2020
  2. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/basics/zoonotic-diseases.html - accessed 4/6/2020
  3. CDC, MERS: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/mers/index.html - accessed 4/6/2020
  4. Omani AS et al., Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): animal to human interaction. Pathog Glob Health. 2015;109(8):354-62 - accessed 4/6/2020
  5. COVID-19. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov - accessed 4/6/2020
  6. Johns Hopkins Family Health Book, First Edition, 1999. 

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